What Is a Nabothian Cyst of the Cervix?

Nabothian cysts are a type of cervical lesion and also a manifestation of chronic cervicitis. There are three primary causes: (1) prolonged stimulation by chronic inflammation, (2) cervical fibrosis, and (3) compression of cervical glandular ducts. Nabothian cysts typically produce no specific symptoms and are usually detected only during routine gynecological examinations. So, what exactly are Nabothian cysts? Below is a detailed explanation.

What Are Nabothian Cysts?

Cervical glandular cysts—also known as Nabothian cysts (or “Nabothian cysts” for short)—are a common manifestation of chronic cervicitis, similar to cervical erosion and cervical polyps. During the healing process of cervical erosion, newly formed squamous epithelium may cover the openings of cervical glands or extend into the glandular ducts, thereby obstructing them. Additionally, connective tissue proliferation or scar formation around the glandular ducts may compress and narrow—or even completely occlude—the ducts. As a result, secretions from the glands cannot drain properly and accumulate within the ducts, forming cysts known as Nabothian cysts. Importantly, cervical glandular cysts are inflammatory in nature—not neoplastic. However, under persistent inflammatory stimulation, a small proportion of patients with chronic cervicitis may develop malignant potential; thus, close clinical monitoring is essential.

Knowledge Extension: What Causes Nabothian Cysts?

1. Cervical Fibrosis

After resolution of inflammation, cervical congestion and edema subside; however, due to fibrosis, the entire cervix becomes covered by squamous epithelium, resulting in a smooth surface and increased volume. Nabothian cysts retain their characteristic protruding, cystic appearance.

2. Hormonal Fluctuations

Under normal physiological conditions, columnar epithelium lines the endocervical canal. However, hormonal fluctuations can cause this epithelium to migrate outward onto the ectocervical surface. Over time, it becomes replaced by squamous epithelium. This squamous epithelium may block the openings of cervical glands—or even grow into the glandular ducts—leading to ductal obstruction. Consequently, glandular secretions cannot be expelled and accumulate within the ducts, forming fluid-filled, bubble-like structures termed “Nabothian cysts.”

3. Compression of Cervical Glandular Ducts

When glandular ducts are compressed by surrounding tissues, their openings become obstructed, preventing outward drainage of glandular secretions. This leads to accumulation and subsequent dilation of the glandular lumen, forming cystic lesions of varying sizes—termed cervical glandular retention cysts. The retained mucus is typically clear and transparent but may appear cloudy or purulent if secondary infection occurs.

That concludes our overview of Nabothian cysts. We hope this information has been helpful. Wishing you a joyful life and good health!