What Causes Chapped and Peeling Lips, and Why Do They Hurt?

In general, chapped and peeling lips are commonly caused by vitamin deficiencies, dehydration, cheilitis (inflammation of the lips), or individual physiological factors. Pain associated with chapped and peeling lips occurs because the underlying tissue becomes exposed once the outer layer of skin cracks. Specific causes include the following:

1. Vitamin deficiency: Chapped lips are often linked to insufficient intake of fresh vegetables and inadequate dietary intake of B-complex vitamins. Moisture in the lips is maintained by a rich network of local capillaries. Particularly during autumn and winter, when peripheral circulation slows, deficiencies in vitamin B2 (riboflavin) and vitamin A can lead to dryness, flaking, and cracking of the lips. Increasing consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables helps replenish essential vitamins.

2. Dehydration: Dry ambient conditions—especially during autumn and winter—result in low atmospheric humidity. Lips thus receive insufficient moisture from the air, while surface moisture may be further evaporated by wind, leading to pronounced dryness. Cold weather further impairs lip circulation, potentially causing chapping and peeling. Regular water intake and application of lip balm help maintain lip hydration and moisture retention.

3. Cheilitis: Cheilitis frequently arises from the habit of licking dry lips—an unhealthy behavior that increases the risk of lip infection. Discontinuing this habit is essential. Locally, antiseptic and disinfectant agents may be applied via moist compresses; in some cases, systemic corticosteroids may be prescribed under medical supervision.

4. Individual physiological factors: Emotional fluctuations and psychological stress may contribute—for instance, individuals experiencing heightened emotional volatility may develop “internal heat” (a traditional concept referring to inflammatory or hypermetabolic states), resulting in dry, peeling lips. Managing emotions, alleviating mental stress, and engaging in regular physical activity can help mitigate such effects.

When lips become chapped and peel, the underlying tissue is exposed to air. Given the high density of sensory nerve endings in the lips, even minor stimuli evoke heightened sensitivity; thus, exposure of subepidermal tissue leads to discomfort or pain—particularly exacerbated by lip-licking.

In daily life, it is advisable to follow a light, non-irritating diet; avoid spicy or stimulating foods; prevent sleep deprivation; maintain regular sleep-wake cycles; engage in regular exercise to enhance immunity; and drink adequate water. Since numerous factors can cause chapped and peeling lips, prompt medical consultation is recommended if symptoms persist or worsen, for diagnosis and treatment under professional guidance.