What causes red spots and itching on the glans penis?

In daily life, many men neglect personal hygiene, leading to red spots and itching on the glans penis. There are numerous potential causes for such symptoms. Prompt medical treatment is essential upon noticing these signs; otherwise, they may significantly impair normal daily life. So, what causes red spots and itching on the glans?

What Causes Red Spots and Itching on the Glans?

Red spots accompanied by mild itching on the glans are clinically most commonly diagnosed as balanoposthitis—an inflammation affecting both the glans and the foreskin. This condition typically occurs in men with phimosis or redundant prepuce (excessively long foreskin). Accumulated smegma beneath the foreskin acts as an irritant and fosters bacterial infection, often resulting in erythema and swelling of the foreskin and/or glans. Skin rashes may develop on both the foreskin and glans, causing significant pain, intense itching, ulceration, and even purulent discharge.

Bacterial infections are common causes, but fungal pathogens—especially Candida albicans—can also trigger balanoposthitis. Additionally, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including genital warts (caused by human papillomavirus), syphilis, Bowen’s disease, scabies, gonorrhea, and contagious molluscum, may manifest as penile erythema, pruritus, and—potentially—even precancerous lesions or malignant tumors. These symptoms may appear early in disease progression; thus, accurate diagnosis must be based on individual clinical presentation and appropriate testing.

In daily life, men should avoid prolonged sitting, wear loose-fitting, breathable underwear, and ensure that washed underwear is thoroughly dried under direct sunlight—this helps eliminate microorganisms. Dietarily, spicy and highly irritating foods should be avoided; smoking and alcohol consumption should also be minimized.