What kidney problems can cause facial swelling?

       Facial swelling may occur in individuals with chronic glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, or renal insufficiency. Specific explanations are as follows:

       1. Chronic Glomerulonephritis

       Patients with chronic glomerulonephritis often develop facial and periorbital edema due to sodium and water retention and reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Facial swelling is typically most pronounced upon waking in the morning.

       2. Nephrotic Syndrome

       This condition is characterized primarily by lower-limb edema and facial swelling. Massive proteinuria leads to hypoalbuminemia, causing fluid to accumulate in the interstitial spaces of dependent body parts—resulting in prominent facial edema. As serum albumin levels progressively decline, edema worsens and may even progress to complications such as pleural effusion.

       3. Renal Insufficiency

       In patients with renal insufficiency, a decreased GFR impairs the kidneys’ ability to excrete excess fluid, leading to noticeable facial edema. As the disease advances and urine output gradually declines, facial swelling becomes increasingly severe.