What are the clinical manifestations of uterine septum?

Septate uterus is a common condition that can cause female infertility and is classified into two types: complete septate uterus and incomplete septate uterus. Its primary etiology is congenital malformation of the female genital tract. Septate uterus most commonly arises from impaired fusion of the paired Müllerian ducts during embryonic development.

What are the specific clinical manifestations of septate uterus? Let’s explore them below.

① Recurrent Miscarriage

Recurrent miscarriage is frequently associated with uterine anomalies, among which septate uterus is the most common type. The incidence of septate uterus is notably high among women experiencing recurrent pregnancy loss—particularly early pregnancy loss.

② Ectopic Pregnancy

Due to the complexity of uterine malformations, ectopic pregnancies may occur in atypical locations such as an occluded uterine horn, rudimentary uterine horn, cervix, or vaginal diverticulum. Because these sites are rare, pregnancies occurring in such unusual locations are often difficult to diagnose early.

③ Abnormal Labor and Delivery

The presence of a uterine septum leads to uterine cavity deformation, thereby increasing the risk of complications in late pregnancy. Uterine malformations may also result in obstetric complications including abnormal fetal presentation, dysfunctional uterine contractions, and retained placenta.

④ Menstrual Disorders

In patients with a large uterine septum, menstrual flow is significantly increased, menses duration is prolonged, and irregular vaginal bleeding may also occur.