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What are the complications of twin pregnancy?

Aug 28, 2023 Source: Cainiu Health
Dr. Lv Aiming
Introduction
Complications of twin pregnancies include preterm birth, preeclampsia and eclampsia, gestational anemia, placenta previa, and conjoined twins. Twin pregnancies increase the risk of preterm birth. Because the uterus is more crowded with two fetuses, increased pressure is placed on the cervix, leading to early cervical relaxation and premature dilation, thereby increasing the likelihood of preterm delivery.

In general, complications associated with twin pregnancies include preterm birth, preeclampsia and eclampsia, gestational anemia, placenta previa, and conjoined twins. The details are as follows:

1. Preterm Birth

Twin pregnancies increase the risk of preterm birth. Due to the limited space in the uterus accommodating two fetuses, increased pressure is placed on the cervix, which may lead to premature cervical dilation and result in early labor. Preterm infants may face problems such as respiratory distress, low birth weight, and developmental delays. It is recommended that preterm infants be hospitalized for close monitoring, receiving respiratory and nutritional support, along with enhanced care, to ensure optimal health and development.

2. Preeclampsia and Eclampsia

Twin pregnancies elevate the risk of developing preeclampsia and eclampsia. Preeclampsia is characterized by symptoms including high blood pressure, proteinuria, and edema. If it progresses to eclampsia, severe complications such as seizures and neurological damage may occur. Regular monitoring of blood pressure, urine tests, and ultrasound examinations are recommended, along with maintaining proper nutrition and rest. Hospitalization may be necessary when indicated.

3. Gestational Anemia

In twin pregnancies, the mother must supply nutrients and oxygen to two fetuses, making her more susceptible to gestational anemia. This condition may cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and reduced physical stamina. Pregnant women are advised to increase their intake of iron and other essential nutrients; iron supplementation may be required when necessary.

4. Placenta Previa

In twin pregnancies, the placenta is more likely to implant abnormally—specifically, at the lower part of the uterus, potentially covering the cervix, a condition known as placenta previa. This can lead to serious complications such as severe bleeding and impaired fetal growth. Pregnant women should avoid strenuous activities and undergo regular ultrasound examinations to monitor placental position. In some cases, cesarean delivery may be required.

5. Conjoined Twins

Conjoined twins occur when abnormal development during the early division of the embryo results in the fusion of two fetuses into one body. This condition may lead to malformations in multiple organs, including the heart, kidneys, and lungs. Surgical intervention is typically required to separate the twins, followed by individualized treatment depending on the specific circumstances.

Therefore, it is recommended that pregnant women undergo regular prenatal check-ups and ultrasound examinations to promptly identify and manage any potential complications.


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