What causes hematuria in women?

In general, hematuria in women may be related to intense physical exercise, menstruation, urinary tract infections, kidney stones, glomerulonephritis, and other factors. If discomfort occurs, timely medical consultation is recommended. The specific analysis is as follows:

1. Intense Exercise

After engaging in vigorous activities such as running or jumping rope, minor injuries to the kidneys and urinary system may occur, leading to transient hematuria in women. Adequate rest, avoiding overexertion, and maintaining sufficient fluid intake can help the kidneys recover and alleviate hematuria symptoms.

2. Menstruation

During menstruation, small amounts of blood may accidentally enter the urethra and mix with urine, resulting in the appearance of hematuria. This is a normal physiological phenomenon that does not require special treatment. Maintaining personal hygiene, using qualified sanitary products, and changing them regularly are recommended to prevent infection.

3. Urinary Tract Infection

Holding urine for prolonged periods may allow bacteria to invade the urethra or bladder, causing a urinary tract infection. This can damage the lining of the urethra or bladder, allowing red blood cells to leak into the urine and cause hematuria. Symptoms often include frequent urination, urgency, and painful urination. Treatment under a doctor's guidance may include medications such as amoxicillin capsules, norfloxacin tablets, or ofloxacin tablets.

4. Kidney Stones

Long-term consumption of high-calcium water or insufficient fluid intake may lead to kidney stone formation. As kidney stones move and rub against the urinary tract, they can injure the inner lining, causing red blood cells to leak from the damaged mucosa and result in hematuria, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Patients may follow medical advice to use medications such as Pishi Keli (stone-expelling granules), Shenshi Tong Wan (kidney-stone-relieving pills), or tamsulosin hydrochloride sustained-release capsules.

5. Glomerulonephritis

Infections caused by pathogens such as streptococcus or mycoplasma may damage the glomeruli, leading to glomerulonephritis. The inflammation may impair the glomerular filtration barrier, allowing red blood cells to leak into the urine and cause hematuria. This condition is often accompanied by symptoms such as edema and proteinuria. Under medical supervision, patients may use medications such as prednisolone tablets, cyclophosphamide tablets, or dexamethasone acetate tablets.

Routinely increasing fluid intake—drinking at least around 2000 mL of water per day—can help flush the urinary tract, prevent infections, and promote the passage of small stones.