What causes two vertical lines between the eyebrows, and what should be done about them?

Sep 04, 2024 Source: Cainiu Health

Dr. Liu Wenmin

Introduction

In general, two vertical lines between the eyebrows are commonly known as glabellar frown lines (or "number 11" lines). The main causes include habitual facial expressions, skin aging, genetic factors, trauma, and muscle tension. Glabellar frown lines can be improved through treatments such as botulinum toxin type A injections, hyaluronic acid fillers, autologous fat grafting, radiofrequency therapy, and fractional laser therapy. It is recommended to consult a physician before deciding on any aesthetic medical procedure.

In general, two vertical lines between the eyebrows are commonly known as glabellar frown lines (or "number 11 lines"). The main causes include habitual facial expressions, skin aging, genetic factors, trauma, and muscle tension. Glabellar frown lines can be improved through treatments such as botulinum toxin type A injections, hyaluronic acid injections, autologous fat grafting, radiofrequency therapy, and fractional laser therapy.

When caused by habitual facial expressions—such as frequent frowning or other expressions that contract the muscles between the eyebrows—glabellar lines can be improved by reducing frowning, relaxing facial muscles, and applying alternating cold and warm compresses to the face. When caused by skin aging, which leads to loss of collagen and moisture, proper daily sun protection (e.g., applying sunscreen when outdoors) and nighttime skincare routines can help improve the condition. When due to genetic factors, where individuals inherit similar skin structures from family members, fractional laser treatment may be effective. In cases where glabellar lines result from physical trauma, autologous fat grafting can be used for correction.

Schematic illustration of glabellar frown lines:

Treatment options analysis for glabellar frown lines:

Item Name	Botulinum Toxin Type A Injection	Hyaluronic Acid Injection	Autologous Fat Grafting	Radiofrequency Therapy	Fractional Laser
Overview	Blocks neuromuscular transmission to reduce frown lines	Hydrates and fills depressed areas	Uses patient's own fat to fill and stimulate collagen regeneration	Uses thermal energy to promote fibroblast regeneration and reduce frown lines	Stimulates collagen regeneration with heat to tighten and fade frown lines
Advantages	1. Simple procedure 2. Short recovery time (5–15 minutes)	1. Immediate results 2. Short recovery period (1–2 weeks)	1. Long-lasting results 2. Low risk of rejection	1. High precision 2. Noticeable results	1. High precision 2. Broad applicability
Potential Risks	1. Muscle weakness 2. Allergic reactions	1. Allergic reactions 2. Vascular occlusion	1. Infection 2. Nerve or vascular injury	1. Swelling and redness 2. Hyperpigmentation	1. Redness, swelling, and pain 2. Hyperpigmentation
Duration of Results	3–13 months	6–12 months	2–3 years	2–3 years	2–3 years
Reference Price	2,000–6,000 RMB per session	2,000–8,000 RMB per session	5,000–20,000 RMB per session	2,000–5,000 RMB per session	2,000–5,000 RMB per session