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What does it mean if Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is found in cerebrospinal fluid, and what should be done?

Oct 31, 2024 Source: Cainiu Health
Dr. Liu Feng
Introduction
Under normal circumstances, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a widely prevalent herpesvirus with potential pathogenicity. Detection of EBV in cerebrospinal fluid may be associated with factors such as the latent phase of viral infection, immune response, infectious mononucleosis, chronic active EBV infection, or EBV encephalitis. If you experience any symptoms, it is recommended to seek medical attention immediately.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common and pathogenic herpesvirus. Detection of EBV in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may be associated with factors such as the latent phase of viral infection, immune response, infectious mononucleosis, chronic active EBV infection, or EBV encephalitis. If symptoms occur, prompt medical consultation is recommended for symptomatic treatment under the guidance of a qualified physician. Specific explanations are as follows:

1. Latent phase of viral infection

EBV is a herpesvirus widely prevalent in the human population. Some individuals may acquire the infection during childhood, but most cases are asymptomatic, with the virus remaining latent in the body. When immune function is compromised, the latent EBV may reactivate, leading to detection of the virus in CSF. Maintaining healthy lifestyle habits and moderate physical exercise can help enhance immune function.

2. Immune response

Following EBV infection, the body may mount a strong immune response, resulting in a large number of EBV-specific immune cells appearing in the CSF. These immune cells attempt to eliminate the virus but may also contribute to a positive EBV test result in CSF. Regular follow-up tests are recommended to monitor EBV viral load and changes in immune cells in the CSF, helping prevent recurrent viral infections.

3. Infectious mononucleosis

Primary EBV infection may lead to infectious mononucleosis. The virus remains latent within lymphocytes, triggering an immune response and causing lymphocyte proliferation. Symptoms commonly include sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and rash. Treatment may include antiviral medications such as acyclovir tablets, ribavirin granules, or recombinant human interferon α1b injection, as prescribed by a physician.

4. Chronic active EBV infection

Chronic active EBV infection is a persistent condition caused by EBV, characterized by ongoing infection and inflammatory responses. Common symptoms include prolonged fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy. Patients may be treated under medical supervision with medications such as ganciclovir injection, valacyclovir hydrochloride granules, or foscarnet sodium and sodium chloride injection.

5. EBV encephalitis

EBV encephalitis is a complication of EBV infection, and detection of EBV in CSF is one of the diagnostic criteria. The virus enters the central nervous system via the bloodstream, causing inflammation and damage to brain tissue. Additional symptoms often include headache, altered consciousness, and seizures. Treatment should follow medical advice and may include mannitol injection, dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection, and ceftriaxone sodium for injection.

Maintain adequate sleep and avoid excessive fatigue. Engaging in moderate physical activities such as walking or jogging can also help strengthen the immune system.

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