What are the symptoms of malnutrition in the elderly?
Nov 13, 2024
Source: Cainiu Health
Dr. Shen Yonghua
Introduction
In general, symptoms of malnutrition in the elderly include weight loss, muscle atrophy, changes in skin and mucous membranes, weakened immune function, and cardiovascular symptoms. If any discomfort occurs, prompt medical attention is recommended. Weight loss is commonly observed in malnourished elderly individuals, typically manifesting as a significant reduction in body weight due to insufficient intake of energy and protein.
In general, symptoms of malnutrition in the elderly include weight loss, muscle atrophy, changes in skin and mucous membranes, weakened immune function, and cardiovascular symptoms. If any discomfort occurs, it is recommended to seek medical attention promptly. The details are as follows:
1. Weight Loss
Malnutrition in the elderly often manifests as significant weight reduction. This results from insufficient intake of energy and protein, leading to the breakdown and consumption of body fat and muscle tissue. Weight loss not only affects metabolism and bodily functions but also reduces immunity and increases the risk of illness.
2. Muscle Atrophy
With malnutrition, protein synthesis decreases while protein breakdown increases, with nutrients preferentially supplied to vital organs, resulting in loss of muscle protein. This presents as reduced muscle strength and decreased muscle volume in limbs. Such muscle atrophy diminishes mobility in older adults, increasing the risk of falls and injuries, further impairing quality of life.
3. Skin and Mucous Membrane Changes
Deficiency of antioxidant vitamins impairs the integrity and repair capacity of skin and mucous membranes. Malnourished individuals may develop dry, rough skin with loss of elasticity, delayed wound healing, oral mucosal inflammation, ulcers, and glossitis.
4. Weakened Immune Function
In malnourished elderly individuals, the production and function of immune cells are impaired, reducing resistance to pathogens. This makes infections more likely and slows recovery once infection occurs.
5. Cardiovascular Symptoms
Malnutrition can lead to myocardial cell atrophy and reduced cardiac contractility, while also disrupting electrolyte balance and increasing the risk of arrhythmias. Anemia further burdens the heart, potentially leading to heart failure over time.
To prevent malnutrition, elderly individuals should maintain a balanced diet, consume easily digestible foods, engage in appropriate physical activity, undergo regular health check-ups, and maintain a positive mood.
