What are the nursing diagnoses and interventions for diabetes?

Diabetes diagnosis mainly relies on clinical symptoms, fasting blood glucose testing, postprandial or random blood glucose testing, oral glucose tolerance tests, and glycated hemoglobin testing. Nursing measures include dietary management, exercise guidance, medication care, blood glucose monitoring, and prevention of infections and complications. If any abnormalities are detected, prompt medical consultation is recommended. Detailed analysis is as follows:

1. Diagnosis of Diabetes

1. Clinical Symptoms: Observe whether the patient presents the typical "three more and one less" symptoms of diabetes, namely increased appetite, increased thirst, frequent urination, and weight loss. These are common manifestations in diabetic patients, although not all patients exhibit these symptoms.

2. Fasting Blood Glucose Test: If the fasting blood glucose level is ≥7.0 mmol/L, diabetes may be present. The fasting blood glucose test is one of the key criteria for diagnosing diabetes.

3. Postprandial or Random Blood Glucose Testing: A 2-hour postprandial blood glucose level ≥11.1 mmol/L or a random blood glucose level ≥11.1 mmol/L can also serve as diagnostic criteria for diabetes.

4. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): After fasting for 8–10 hours, the patient ingests anhydrous glucose, and blood glucose is measured 2 hours later. If the blood glucose level at this time is ≥11.1 mmol/L, diabetes may be diagnosed. This test is especially important for patients without obvious symptoms but suspected of having diabetes.

5. Glycated Hemoglobin Test: Glycated hemoglobin reflects the patient's blood glucose control over the past three months. If glycated hemoglobin is elevated, particularly to ≥6.5%, diabetes may be present. This parameter aids in the diagnosis of diabetes.

2. Nursing Care for Diabetes

1. Dietary Management: Strictly control diet, following the principles of low sugar, low fat, and high fiber. Eat regular meals with consistent portion sizes to avoid overeating. Balanced food combinations ensuring adequate nutrition help control blood glucose levels.

2. Exercise Guidance: Develop a suitable exercise plan based on the patient's condition, such as aerobic activities like walking, jogging, or swimming. Exercise can enhance insulin sensitivity and lower blood glucose. However, care should be taken not to overexert, to avoid hypoglycemia.

3. Medication Management: Take antidiabetic medications or inject insulin as prescribed, such as metformin hydrochloride tablets, gliclazide modified-release tablets, and repaglinide tablets, at the correct dosage and time. Monitor drug effectiveness and any adverse reactions. If abnormalities occur, seek medical advice promptly to adjust the treatment plan.

4. Blood Glucose Monitoring: Closely monitor blood glucose fluctuations by regular testing. Adjust treatment plans timely based on blood glucose trends to ensure blood glucose remains within the target range.

5. Prevention of Infections and Complications: Diabetic patients are more susceptible to infections due to decreased immunity. Personal hygiene should be maintained, skin should be kept clean and dry, and injuries and infections should be avoided. Regular foot examinations are necessary to prevent complications such as diabetic foot.

Patients should maintain good daily living habits and follow a healthy, scientific diet, actively adjusting their physical condition to improve treatment outcomes.