Is a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) test dangerous?

Generally, lumbar puncture is considered relatively safe, but certain risks are involved. Potential complications of lumbar puncture include local infection, bleeding, post-lumbar puncture headache due to low intracranial pressure, brain herniation, and nerve damage. If any discomfort occurs, prompt medical attention is recommended. Detailed explanations are as follows:

1. Local Infection

During lumbar puncture, if strict sterilization procedures are not followed, the puncture site may become contaminated by external bacteria, potentially leading to a localized infection.

2. Bleeding

During the procedure, the puncture needle may damage local blood vessels, particularly those on the dura mater, leading to bleeding. This may manifest as blood leakage at the puncture site or the formation of an intracranial hematoma.

3. Low Intracranial Pressure Headache

Following the removal of cerebrospinal fluid, a decrease in intracranial pressure may lead to a post-lumbar puncture headache. This type of headache typically improves when lying down and worsens upon standing or sitting up.

4. Brain Herniation

In patients with significantly elevated intracranial pressure, lumbar puncture may precipitate brain herniation. Brain herniation occurs when increased intracranial pressure causes displacement of brain tissue from a high-pressure area to a low-pressure area, resulting in a serious complication. Brain herniation can cause a sudden further increase in intracranial pressure, accompanied by severe headache, frequent projectile vomiting, and papilledema.

5. Nerve Damage

During lumbar puncture, the needle may inadvertently injure surrounding nerves, leading to nerve damage. Symptoms of nerve injury may include limb numbness, weakness, and abnormal sensations.

In daily life, maintaining a healthy lifestyle and avoiding head injuries are recommended to help prevent the occurrence of neurological diseases.