What are the side effects of hormones?

Generally, hormones are trace substances produced by specific tissues or cells within the bodies of animals and plants that can specifically trigger strong stimulatory effects. Their side effects may include abnormalities in glucose metabolism, gastrointestinal mucosal damage, increased risk of infection, osteoporosis, and psychiatric or neurological symptoms. A detailed analysis is as follows:

1. Glucose Metabolism Abnormalities

Hormones can promote gluconeogenesis and reduce the uptake and utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Long-term use may induce or exacerbate diabetes. In individuals with previously normal blood glucose levels, impaired glucose tolerance may occur, characterized by increased postprandial blood glucose and mildly elevated fasting blood glucose.

2. Gastrointestinal Mucosal Damage

Hormones inhibit gastric mucus secretion, reducing the protective effect on gastrointestinal mucosa. At the same time, they stimulate the secretion of gastric acid and pepsin, increasing the erosive potential of gastric acid on the gastric mucosa. This can easily lead to peptic ulcers of the stomach or duodenum and even severe complications such as gastrointestinal bleeding or perforation. Patients may experience symptoms such as stomach pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and black stools.

3. Increased Risk of Infection

Hormones have immunosuppressive effects. Long-term use weakens the body's immune function, reducing resistance to pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. This increases the likelihood of various infections, including respiratory, urinary tract, and skin infections. Moreover, symptoms of infection may be atypical, making diagnosis and treatment more challenging. Infections may persist and even progress to severe sepsis.

4. Osteoporosis

Hormones suppress the activity of osteoblasts, reducing the synthesis of bone matrix, while promoting the formation and activity of osteoclasts, accelerating bone resorption and resulting in bone loss. Long-term use can lead to osteoporosis, increasing the risk of fractures, particularly in the spine, hips, and wrists. Patients may experience symptoms such as back pain, reduced height, and kyphosis.

5. Psychiatric and Neurological Symptoms

Hormones may affect nervous system function, causing various psychiatric and neurological symptoms. Some patients may experience excitement, insomnia, emotional instability, and irritability after administration. In severe cases, symptoms may include depression, anxiety, mania, or even schizophrenia.

The side effects of hormones are multifaceted and vary among individuals. When using hormone medications, it is essential to follow medical instructions carefully, monitor physical responses, and undergo regular relevant examinations.