What causes bloating and pain in the lower abdomen?

　　In general, lower abdominal distension and pain may be caused by improper diet, abdominal cold exposure, enteritis, cystitis, irritable bowel syndrome, etc., and appropriate management methods can be selected according to the specific situation. If discomfort symptoms occur, it is recommended to seek medical attention at a hospital as soon as possible and follow medical advice for treatment.

　　1. Improper diet: Consuming large amounts of gas-producing foods in a short time or eating too quickly and swallowing excessive air can lead to gas accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract, causing lower abdominal distension and pain. Adjust eating habits, chew food slowly, reduce the amount of gas-producing food consumed at one time, and avoid eating hastily.

　　2. Abdominal cold exposure: Cold stimulation to the abdomen can cause strong contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscles, resulting in lower abdominal distension and pain. Keep the abdomen warm by adding clothing according to temperature changes and covering up properly during sleep. Applying a hot water bag to the abdomen can help relieve intestinal spasms, with each session lasting 20-30 minutes, 2-3 times daily, at a tolerable temperature.

　　3. Enteritis: Pathogens such as viruses and bacteria infect the intestines, causing inflammation of the intestinal mucosa and disordered intestinal motility, resulting in lower abdominal distension and pain, often accompanied by symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. It is recommended to follow medical advice in using medications such as smectite powder, norfloxacin capsules, and minocycline hydrochloride capsules to alleviate symptoms.

　　4. Cystitis: Bacterial invasion causes inflammation of the bladder, leading to congestion and edema of the bladder mucosa, resulting in lower abdominal distension and pain, especially increased pain during urination, accompanied by symptoms such as frequent urination, urgency, and painful urination. Patients can follow medical guidance to use medications such as Sanjin tablets, levofloxacin tablets, and sodium bicarbonate tablets to relieve discomfort.

　　5. Irritable bowel syndrome: Various factors such as diet and mental stress can cause intestinal dysfunction and increased intestinal sensitivity, leading to lower abdominal distension and pain, with varying intensity and location, often accompanied by diarrhea or constipation, with symptoms related to emotions and diet. It is recommended to follow medical instructions to use medications such as pinaverium bromide tablets, Bifidobacterium quadruple live tablets, and compound citrate alverine capsules to improve symptoms.

　　In daily life, gentle abdominal massage can be performed appropriately, with circular motions in a clockwise direction centered around the navel, each session lasting 15-20 minutes, to promote gas release.