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What are the causes of oligohydramnios?

Mar 19, 2025 Source: Cainiu Health
Dr. Zhang Lu
Introduction
In general, oligohydramnios (low amniotic fluid) may be caused by factors such as reduced fetal urine output, maternal hypovolemia (low blood volume), gestational hypertension, post-term pregnancy, and placental insufficiency. Symptomatic management may involve general treatment, medication, or surgical intervention. In daily life, pregnant women should maintain healthy lifestyle habits to help reduce the occurrence of uncomfortable symptoms.

Generally, oligohydramnios (low amniotic fluid) may be caused by factors such as reduced fetal urine output, maternal hypovolemia, gestational hypertension, post-term pregnancy, and placental insufficiency. Symptomatic management may involve general treatment, pharmacotherapy, or surgical intervention. If any discomfort occurs, prompt medical attention is recommended. Detailed explanations are as follows:

1. Fetal Urine Output

Fetal kidney function and urine production directly affect amniotic fluid volume. A decrease in fetal urine output may lead to reduced amniotic fluid. Fetal kidney function and urination can be assessed via ultrasound, and maternal hydration may be provided when necessary to promote fetal urination.

2. Maternal Hypovolemia

Maternal hypovolemia and increased plasma osmotic pressure may increase placental absorption of amniotic fluid and enhance fetal tubular water reabsorption, thereby reducing urine formation and leading to oligohydramnios. Symptoms such as dizziness, fatigue, and hypotension may occur in the pregnant woman. Adequate hydration is recommended to maintain sufficient blood volume.

3. Gestational Hypertension

Pregnant women with a family history of hypertension or abnormal placental implantation may develop gestational hypertension. This condition may reduce placental blood flow, leading to fetal hypovolemia and decreased fetal urine production, thereby causing oligohydramnios. Symptoms such as hypertension, proteinuria, and edema may occur. It is recommended to follow medical advice and use medications such as labetalol hydrochloride tablets, nifedipine tablets, or methyldopa tablets to alleviate symptoms.

4. Post-Term Pregnancy

In post-term pregnancies, the placenta gradually ages and its function declines, failing to provide adequate nutrition and oxygen to the fetus, leading to fetal dehydration and reduced amniotic fluid production. Symptoms such as decreased fetal movement and fetal distress may occur. Close fetal monitoring is recommended, and labor induction or cesarean section may be necessary.

5. Placental Insufficiency

The placenta is a key organ for material exchange between mother and fetus. Placental insufficiency may impair the transfer of nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus, and also affect amniotic fluid production and maintenance. It may be accompanied by fetal growth restriction and abnormal fetal heart rate. Close fetal monitoring is recommended, and fetal surveillance or early delivery may be required when necessary.

In daily life, pregnant women should maintain healthy lifestyle habits, such as balanced nutrition and regular作息, to help reduce the occurrence of discomfort symptoms.

References

[1] Li Ling, Wei Ran, Zhu Juan, et al. Clinical and genetic analysis of 44 cases of oligohydramnios in mid-pregnancy [J]. Chinese Journal of Prenatal Diagnosis (Electronic Edition), 2020, 12(04): 44-47.

[2] Zhang Yijin. What to do when amniotic fluid is low [J]. Family Medicine. Happy Health, 2020, (09): 63.

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