What are the side effects of painkillers?

Generally, analgesics can be categorized into opioid analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including medications such as aspirin capsules, acetaminophen tablets, and morphine hydrochloride tablets. Possible side effects of analgesics include ulcer bleeding, liver function damage, abnormal platelet function, respiratory depression, and addiction. It is recommended to use these medications under medical supervision. Detailed analysis is as follows:

1. Ulcer Bleeding

Long-term or excessive use of analgesics, especially NSAIDs, may lead to gastric and duodenal ulcers, which can cause severe complications such as bleeding and perforation. Aspirin capsules are particularly likely to cause such serious gastrointestinal issues.

2. Liver Function Damage

Certain analgesics are metabolized through the liver, and excessive use or pre-existing liver dysfunction may increase the burden on the liver, leading to liver injury manifested as elevated liver enzymes, jaundice, and other symptoms. Overdose of acetaminophen tablets can produce toxic metabolites that damage liver cells.

3. Abnormal Platelet Function

Some analgesics can affect platelet aggregation, increasing the risk of bleeding. For example, aspirin capsules inhibit platelet cyclooxygenase, thereby inhibiting platelet aggregation. Long-term or excessive use may result in bleeding tendencies such as gum bleeding, nosebleeds, and subcutaneous bruising.

4. Respiratory Depression

Opioid analgesics have the effect of depressing the respiratory center. The higher the dose, the more pronounced the suppression, potentially causing decreased respiratory rate, reduced tidal volume, and, in severe cases, respiratory arrest. The risk of respiratory depression is even higher when used in high doses or combined with other central nervous system depressants.

5. Addiction

Opioid analgesics are addictive. Prolonged use can lead to physical dependence, and withdrawal symptoms such as restlessness, tearing, runny nose, sweating, abdominal pain, and diarrhea may occur upon discontinuation. This causes significant discomfort to patients and increases the risk of drug abuse.

Before using analgesics, consult a qualified physician or pharmacist to understand the drug's indications, dosage, usage, and precautions. Use medications strictly according to medical advice or the instructions provided, to avoid improper use that may exacerbate side effects.