What should a pregnant woman do if she develops mouth ulcers?
Mar 26, 2025
Source: Cainiu Health
Dr. Zhang Lu
Introduction
In general, oral ulcers in pregnant women may be caused by factors such as nutritional deficiencies, hormonal changes, mental stress, gingivitis during pregnancy, or recurrent aphthous ulcers. Symptomatic management may involve general treatments and medication. It is recommended that pregnant women maintain good oral hygiene, rinse the mouth regularly with warm salt water, and reduce the intake of irritating foods to help prevent oral ulcers.
Generally, oral ulcers in pregnant women may be caused by factors such as nutritional deficiencies, hormonal changes, high psychological stress, pregnancy gingivitis, or recurrent aphthous ulcers. Symptomatic management through general care and medication is needed. If discomfort occurs, prompt medical consultation is advised. Detailed explanations are as follows:
1. Nutritional Deficiencies
Nutritional requirements increase during pregnancy, and deficiencies in B vitamins and iron may lead to oral ulcers. B vitamins help maintain healthy oral mucosa, while iron is involved in red blood cell production; deficiency in either may impair the protective function of the oral mucosal barrier. It is recommended to supplement B vitamins and iron through diet, such as whole grains, red meat, legumes, etc.
2. Hormonal Changes
Endocrine changes during pregnancy, particularly elevated estrogen and progesterone levels, may affect oral mucosal health, increasing mucosal sensitivity and susceptibility to injury and ulcers. It is recommended to maintain good oral hygiene, rinse with warm salt water regularly, and reduce intake of irritating foods.
3. Psychological Stress
Pregnant women may experience anxiety and tension, which can weaken immune function and increase the risk of oral ulcers, possibly accompanied by symptoms such as insomnia and mood swings. Stress reduction techniques such as prenatal yoga and meditation are recommended to promote emotional well-being.
4. Pregnancy Gingivitis
Elevated progesterone levels promote capillary dilation in the gums and increase the response to endotoxins in dental plaque. Hyaluronidase produced by pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis damages the intercellular matrix of epithelial cells, leading to ulcer formation. Symptoms may include gum bleeding, loose teeth, and oral odor. It is recommended to use cetylpyridinium chloride tablets, iodine glycerin, and hydrogen peroxide solution under medical guidance for treatment.
5. Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers
The immunotolerant state during pregnancy causes an imbalance in T lymphocyte subsets, with CD4+ T cells preferentially differentiating into Th2 cells, suppressing cellular immune responses. This may lead to activation of latent herpes simplex virus infections or exposure of self-antigens, triggering mucosal immune reactions and ulcer formation. These ulcers typically present with a distinct red halo at the edges, a central yellow pseudomembrane, and significant pain. Medications such as amlexanox oral patches, recombinant human interferon α1b spray, and dexamethasone adhesive tablets may be used under medical supervision to relieve symptoms.
Pregnant women are advised to maintain good oral hygiene, rinse regularly with warm salt water, and limit intake of irritating foods to help reduce the occurrence of oral ulcers.
