What oral medications can relieve pain?

Generally, oral medications such as ibuprofen sustained-release capsules, tramadol hydrochloride sustained-release tablets, morphine sulfate sustained-release tablets, duloxetine hydrochloride enteric-coated tablets, and pregabalin capsules can relieve pain. Specific details are as follows:

1. Ibuprofen Sustained-Release Capsules: As a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), it reduces prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclooxygenase activity, thereby alleviating inflammatory responses and pain perception. It has antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is suitable for relieving mild to moderate pain, such as headaches, joint pain, toothaches, and dysmenorrhea. However, long-term or excessive use may cause gastrointestinal discomfort, liver or kidney dysfunction, and other issues. It should be taken under a physician's guidance.

2. Tramadol Hydrochloride Sustained-Release Tablets: This is a centrally acting analgesic that binds to central opioid receptors, mimicking the effects of endogenous opioid peptides to inhibit pain signal transmission. The sustained-release formulation allows for steady drug release, effectively alleviating moderate pain such as postoperative pain, fracture pain, and cancer-related pain. Possible adverse effects after administration include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, and there is a risk of addiction; therefore, it must be taken strictly as directed by a physician.

3. Morphine Sulfate Sustained-Release Tablets: As a potent opioid analgesic, it activates opioid receptors in specific areas of the central nervous system, producing strong analgesic, sedative, and euphoric effects. It is commonly used for severe pain, such as end-stage cancer pain. However, these drugs have a high potential for addiction and may cause serious adverse effects such as respiratory depression. They should be used under the guidance of a physician.

4. Duloxetine Hydrochloride Enteric-Coated Tablets: This is a formulation of antidepressant medication. In the treatment of chronic pain, it modulates the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine, altering the nervous system's processing of pain signals. The enteric-coated formulation allows the drug to be released in the intestine, reducing gastric irritation. It is primarily used to treat neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia syndrome. Possible adverse effects include dry mouth, constipation, and drowsiness. It should be used strictly as directed by a physician.

5. Pregabalin Capsules: This belongs to the class of anticonvulsant medications. It effectively alleviates neuropathic pain by regulating neuronal excitability, stabilizing cell membranes, and reducing abnormal discharges. The capsule formulation is easy to swallow and shows significant efficacy in treating postherpetic neuralgia and pain caused by diabetic peripheral neuropathy. However, some patients may experience dizziness, drowsiness, peripheral edema, and other symptoms after taking the medication. It should be taken under the guidance of a physician.

Before using analgesic medications, it is essential to identify the underlying cause of pain and avoid taking medications blindly. The appropriate drug formulation should be selected strictly according to the physician's prescription, and the prescribed dosage and duration of treatment must be followed. Self-adjustment of dosage or prolonged use is strictly prohibited. During medication, closely monitor bodily reactions. If any abnormalities occur, discontinue the medication immediately and seek medical attention to ensure safe medication use.