What are the components of a full gynecological examination?

Generally, a full gynecological examination includes routine gynecological examination, routine vaginal discharge examination, ultrasound examination of the uterus and adnexa, cervical cancer screening, and breast examination. The details are as follows:

1. Routine Gynecological Examination

A doctor visually examines the external genitalia, vagina, and cervix for any signs of inflammation, ulcers, or abnormal growths. Using a vaginal speculum, the doctor also evaluates the vaginal walls and cervix to preliminarily determine the presence of gynecological diseases.

2. Routine Vaginal Discharge Examination

A small sample of vaginal discharge is collected from the posterior fornix using a swab to assess its cleanliness, pH level, and presence of pathogens such as trichomonas, fungi, or clue cells. These indicators help diagnose the type of vaginitis and provide a basis for subsequent treatment.

3. Ultrasound Examination of the Uterus and Adnexa

This includes abdominal and transvaginal ultrasound. Abdominal ultrasound requires a full bladder and uses sound waves to observe the size, shape, and position of the uterus, thickness of the endometrium, and any abnormalities such as cysts or tumors in the bilateral ovaries and fallopian tubes. Transvaginal ultrasound does not require a full bladder and provides clearer images, allowing for more accurate detection of smaller lesions.

4. Cervical Cancer Screening

This primarily involves cervical cytology (Pap smear) and human papillomavirus (HPV) testing. In cervical cytology, exfoliated cells are collected from the cervical surface and examined under a microscope for abnormal cell morphology. HPV testing screens for infection with the human papillomavirus, as persistent infection with certain high-risk HPV types is closely associated with cervical cancer. These two tests together are effective in preventing cervical cancer.

5. Breast Examination

This typically involves visual inspection and palpation to check for nipple discharge, skin indentation, or other abnormalities. The physician palpates the breasts to detect any lumps, evaluating their size, texture, and mobility. If necessary, breast ultrasound or mammography may also be performed to rule out conditions such as fibrocystic changes, fibroadenomas, or breast cancer.

A full gynecological examination provides a comprehensive understanding of women's reproductive health and facilitates the early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of common gynecological conditions. Women are advised to schedule appropriate examinations based on their age and health status to maintain and safeguard their health.