How can atherosclerosis be detected?

Generally, atherosclerosis refers to arteriosclerosis. Atherosclerosis can be detected through carotid ultrasound, ankle-brachial index testing, CT angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, and pulse wave velocity measurement. If experiencing any discomfort, timely medical consultation is recommended. Detailed explanations are as follows:

1. Carotid Ultrasound

By using an ultrasound probe to observe the thickness of the carotid artery intima-media layer and presence of plaques, this noninvasive method is commonly used for screening systemic atherosclerosis. A normal carotid artery intima-media thickness is less than 1.0 mm. An intima-media thickness of 1.0 mm or greater suggests intimal thickening, while a thickness of 1.5 mm or greater or a local protrusion equal to or exceeding 50% of the vessel diameter indicates plaque formation. This test is simple to perform and radiation-free, enabling early detection of signs of atherosclerosis, especially suitable for assessing the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

2. Ankle-Brachial Index Testing

This test measures the ratio of ankle systolic blood pressure to brachial systolic blood pressure. The normal range is 0.9-1.3. An ankle-brachial index below 0.9 suggests lower limb arterial stenosis or occlusion, indirectly reflecting the degree of systemic atherosclerosis; an index above 1.3 may result from arterial calcification and stiffness, commonly seen in diabetic patients. This method is noninvasive and convenient, suitable for initial screening and monitoring of lower limb arterial hardening.

3. CT Angiography

Following intravenous injection of contrast agent, CT scanning reconstructs three-dimensional images of the arteries, clearly showing luminal stenosis, plaques, and wall thickening in vessels such as the aorta, coronary arteries, and cerebral arteries. Its advantages include high resolution and accurate localization, but it involves radiation exposure, and the contrast agent may affect kidney function; therefore, caution is advised for patients with renal insufficiency.

4. Magnetic Resonance Angiography

This technique uses magnetic resonance to visualize arterial structures and blood flow signals, assessing vascular stenosis, occlusion, and the severity of atherosclerosis. It is radiation-free and does not rely on iodinated contrast agents, making it suitable for patients allergic to iodine or with renal insufficiency. However, it is less effective than CT angiography in clearly depicting calcified plaques, requires a longer examination time, and is more susceptible to motion artifacts.

5. Pulse Wave Velocity Measurement

This method assesses arterial elasticity by measuring the propagation speed of the pulse wave between the aorta or from the carotid to the femoral artery. A faster pulse wave velocity indicates poorer arterial elasticity and more severe atherosclerosis. It is noninvasive and quantitative, directly reflecting arterial stiffness. It serves as an important indicator for evaluating the progression of atherosclerosis and is commonly used for cardiovascular risk stratification.

In daily life, it is advisable to eat more fruits and vegetables, engage in appropriate physical activity, enhance immune function, and effectively prevent atherosclerosis.