What is malignant hyperthermia?
Nov 24, 2025
Source: Cainiu Health
Dr. Wang Lei
Introduction
Malignant hyperthermia is a rare but life-threatening complication of anesthesia, often triggered by specific anesthetic agents and associated with genetic abnormalities. It has a sudden onset and rapid progression, requiring immediate targeted treatment. If not promptly managed, malignant hyperthermia may quickly lead to severe complications such as acidosis, hyperkalemia, and organ dysfunction. Prevention is crucial, especially for individuals with a personal or family history of adverse reactions to anesthesia.
Malignant hyperthermia is a rare but life-threatening anesthesia complication, often triggered by specific anesthetic agents and associated with genetic defects. It develops rapidly and progresses quickly, requiring immediate targeted treatment. A detailed analysis is as follows:
Malignant hyperthermia is related to abnormal regulation of calcium ions within skeletal muscle cells. In individuals with specific genetic mutations, exposure to certain anesthetic drugs such as succinylcholine or halothane can trigger sustained contraction of muscle cells. This abnormal contraction generates excessive heat, causing a rapid rise in body temperature, along with symptoms such as muscle rigidity, tachycardia, and rapid breathing. This condition is not a drug allergy, but rather a gene-mediated abnormal reaction. Although the incidence is extremely low in the general population, the risk increases significantly among those with a family history.
If not promptly treated, malignant hyperthermia may lead to severe complications such as acidosis, hyperkalemia, and organ dysfunction within a short time. Prevention is crucial. Patients with a personal or family history of anesthesia-related adverse events should proactively inform their doctors before surgery, allowing preoperative assessment to avoid the use of triggering agents.
