What happens if you don't get a tetanus shot?
Nov 25, 2025
Source: Cainiu Health
Dr. Liu Wenmin
Introduction
Possible consequences of not receiving a tetanus shot include tetanus infection, muscle rigidity, difficulty breathing, damage to organs throughout the body, and increased risk of death. If a wound is contaminated with Clostridium tetani, failing to receive a tetanus shot allows the bacteria to multiply at the wound site and release toxins, potentially leading to tetanus infection within 1–2 weeks, accompanied by symptoms such as local redness, swelling, and pain.
Failure to receive a tetanus shot may generally lead to the following conditions: triggering tetanus infection, development of muscle rigidity, difficulty breathing, damage to internal organs, and increased risk of death. A detailed analysis is as follows:
1. Triggering tetanus infection: If a wound is contaminated with tetanus bacteria (such as from injury by rusty metal or exposure to soil), failure to administer a tetanus shot allows the bacteria to multiply in the wound and release toxins. This may result in tetanus infection within 1–2 weeks, presenting symptoms such as local redness, swelling, and pain.
2. Development of muscle rigidity: After infection, the toxin attacks the nervous system, causing generalized muscle stiffness. It typically begins in the jaw muscles, leading to trismus (difficulty opening the mouth) and lockjaw, then spreads to neck and back muscles, resulting in nuchal rigidity and opisthotonus—severe and characteristic symptoms of tetanus.
3. Difficulty breathing: When respiratory muscles are affected by the toxin and undergo rigidity or spasms, normal breathing movements are impaired, leading to dyspnea and rapid breathing. In severe cases, respiratory arrest may occur, requiring emergency intervention to sustain respiratory function.
4. Damage to internal organs: Prolonged muscle rigidity and breathing difficulties can cause systemic hypoxia, damaging vital organs such as the heart, liver, and kidneys. This may lead to complications including arrhythmias and abnormal liver or kidney function, further exacerbating physical harm.
5. Increased risk of death: Without prompt treatment, severe symptoms caused by tetanus infection progressively worsen. The risk of death is particularly elevated among elderly individuals, children, and those with weakened immune systems. Even with treatment, long-term complications or sequelae may persist.
After sustaining deep or contaminated wounds, immediate rinsing with clean water and disinfection is essential. Prompt medical evaluation is necessary to determine whether a tetanus shot is required. If the optimal vaccination window is missed, consult a healthcare provider for possible remedial measures. In daily life, avoid exposing wounds to dirt or contaminants to reduce the risk of infection.
