Clinical Manifestations of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

The incubation period for Ebola hemorrhagic fever ranges from 2 to 21 days. Patients present acutely with fever, which rapidly progresses to high fever, accompanied by fatigue, headache, myalgia, and sore throat. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and rash may also occur. By days 3–4 of illness, patients may enter the critical phase, characterized by persistent high fever, worsening septic-toxic symptoms and gastrointestinal manifestations, and varying degrees of hemorrhage—including mucocutaneous bleeding, hematemesis, hemoptysis, melena, and hematuria. Severe cases may develop altered mental status, shock, and multiorgan involvement. Most deaths occur within two weeks after symptom onset, commonly due to hemorrhage and/or multiorgan failure.