What causes lower abdominal pain?

Lower abdominal pain may be caused by various factors, which can be broadly categorized into physiological and pathological causes. Physiologically, pregnancy-related conditions such as threatened miscarriage, dysmenorrhea (menstrual cramps), and ovulation pain can lead to lower abdominal pain. Dysmenorrhea may worsen due to improper diet or cold exposure affecting the uterus. Pathologically, lower abdominal pain may arise from digestive system disorders such as acute appendicitis, ulcerative colitis, colon polyps, or colorectal cancer; it may also result from urinary system issues like cystitis. Gynecological conditions including pelvic inflammatory disease, ovarian cysts, and uterine abnormalities are common causes as well. In males, varicocele—a condition unique to men—can also cause lower abdominal pain. When lower abdominal pain occurs, the location and nature of the pain, along with accompanying symptoms, should be carefully evaluated. Prompt medical consultation and appropriate diagnostic tests are essential to establish an accurate diagnosis and implement suitable treatment measures.