What causes swollen and painful gums due to "excess internal heat"?

The main causes of gum swelling and pain due to "excess internal heat" (a traditional Chinese medicine concept) include the following: 1. Poor oral hygiene: This is one of the primary causes of gum swelling and pain. Plaque, tartar, and soft deposits accumulate on tooth surfaces near the gumline, triggering gingivitis. If left untreated, it may gradually progress to periodontitis. 2. Oral infection: Localized viral or bacterial infections in the gums can cause redness, swelling, and pain, manifesting as symptoms of "excess heat." 3. Dental caries and apical periodontitis: Untreated dental caries may develop into pulpitis, affecting the dental nerve and leading to apical periodontitis, which can also cause gum swelling and pain. 4. Dietary irritation: Frequent consumption of spicy or irritating foods—such as hot pot or spicy snacks—may irritate the gums and lead to redness, swelling, heat, and pain. 5. Excessive liver fire: According to traditional Chinese medicine, factors such as irritability, dry mouth with a bitter taste, or a preference for high-fat, high-calorie foods may lead to excessive liver fire, causing heat to rise to the gums and result in swelling and pain. Patients with concerns are advised to seek timely medical consultation.