What should I do about swollen and painful gums due to excessive internal heat (fire)?

When swollen and painful gums are caused by excessive internal heat (a traditional Chinese medicine concept), it is important to first determine whether the condition is indeed due to "heatiness" or if it is caused by other oral diseases such as gingivitis or periodontitis. Increasing water intake to promote blood circulation can help alleviate discomfort. At the same time, avoid spicy and irritating foods, and consume more light, easily digestible foods such as vegetables, fruits, and porridge. If the swelling and pain are severe, local cold compresses may be applied—wrap an ice pack in a clean towel and apply it to the affected area to constrict capillaries and relieve pain. If the pain is significant, over-the-counter medications such as ibuprofen sustained-release capsules may be used for anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, under a doctor's guidance. Traditional Chinese patent medicines with heat-clearing and detoxifying properties, such as Niuhuang Shangqing Pills, may also be considered. It is also important to maintain good oral hygiene by brushing teeth in the morning and evening and using dental floss to remove food debris around the necks of the teeth. With the above measures, symptoms of swollen and painful gums caused by excessive internal heat generally can be effectively relieved. If symptoms persist or worsen, prompt medical attention is recommended.