What are the manifestations of myelodysplastic syndromes?

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal disorders originating from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and carry the risk of progressing to leukemia. The main clinical manifestations include: 1. **Anemia**: Almost all patients with MDS experience varying degrees of anemia, such as fatigue, weakness, and reduced energy, which is associated with a decreased number of hematopoietic stem cells. 2. **Bleeding**: Approximately 40% to 60% of patients exhibit thrombocytopenia and bleeding symptoms, which may manifest as petechiae, ecchymoses, epistaxis, or gingival bleeding. 3. **Infections**: About 60% of patients are susceptible to infections, including respiratory, gastrointestinal, and pulmonary infections, due to neutropenia and impaired neutrophil function. 4. **Other symptoms**: Patients with MDS may also present with splenomegaly and weight loss. These clinical manifestations are complex and variable. If related symptoms occur, prompt medical consultation is recommended for professional diagnosis and treatment.