What are the diagnosis and treatment for bone metastasis of malignant tumors?

The diagnosis of bone metastases from malignant tumors is primarily based on clinical presentation and imaging examinations. Clinically, pain is an early symptom that may worsen at night, and is often accompanied by a mass and limited limb movement. Imaging examinations, including X-ray, CT, MRI, and PET-CT, can determine the extent and severity of bone destruction. Regarding treatment, bone metastases from malignant tumors are commonly managed with palliative and surgical therapies. Palliative treatments, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and endocrine therapy, aim to relieve pain and control tumor growth. Surgical treatment is suitable for areas such as long bones of the limbs or the vertebrae, and involves amputation, lesion resection, and fixation to control tumor progression and prevent pathological fractures. The diagnosis of bone metastases from malignant tumors should combine clinical evaluation with imaging findings, while treatment should be comprehensively considered based on the patient's condition, integrating both palliative and surgical approaches.