What causes pelvic inflammatory disease?

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) refers to inflammation of the female pelvic reproductive organs, the connective tissues surrounding the uterus, and the pelvic peritoneum. Common causes include: 1. Sexually transmitted infections: Sexual activity is a primary cause of PID, particularly among women with multiple sexual partners or those engaging in unprotected sex, which may lead to infections such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, or mycoplasma. 2. Ascending bacterial infection: Under normal circumstances, the vaginal bacterial flora remains balanced. However, during menstruation, after childbirth, following induced abortion, or after insertion of an intrauterine contraceptive device, bacteria may ascend into the uterus and further spread to the fallopian tubes and pelvic cavity, causing inflammation. 3. Decreased immunity: When the body's resistance is weakened, such as during other illnesses or from excessive fatigue, bacteria may more easily invade the pelvic region. 4. Postoperative infection: Pelvic, uterine, or vaginal surgeries may lead to infection if hygiene standards are poor or postoperative care is inadequate. 5. Spread of infection from adjacent organs: If left untreated, infections such as appendicitis or urethritis may spread to the pelvic region. 6. Poor hygiene habits: The use of contaminated sanitary products or improper cleaning methods may also increase the risk of infection. If these symptoms occur, prompt medical attention is advised.