What are the manifestations and risks of abnormal umbilical cord?

Abnormalities of the umbilical cord may manifest as cord entanglement, cord that is too short, cord that is too long, cord prolapse, or cord torsion. These abnormalities can pose serious threats to the fetus. Cord entanglement may lead to fetal hypoxia and impaired blood circulation; an abnormally short cord restricts fetal movement and increases the risk of labor complications; an excessively long cord is more prone to entanglement and prolapse, which can compromise fetal safety; during prolapse, the cord may become compressed between the fetal presenting part and the pelvis, leading to acute fetal hypoxia; and excessive cord torsion may interrupt blood circulation, potentially resulting in fetal demise. Therefore, close monitoring of the umbilical cord condition during pregnancy is essential. If any abnormalities are detected, prompt medical attention should be sought to ensure the safety of both mother and baby.