How is bacterial vaginitis caused?

Bacterial vaginosis is a common genital tract infection in women. Under normal circumstances, the vagina contains various bacteria, with Lactobacillus species predominating. These bacteria help maintain an acidic vaginal environment that inhibits the growth of harmful pathogens. However, if this balance is disrupted, infection can occur.

Common causes include:

1. Poor personal hygiene, such as neglecting external genital cleanliness, which can promote bacterial growth.

2. Excessive vaginal douching, especially with cleansers, which can disrupt the vaginal environment and lead to bacterial imbalance.

3. Sexual transmission, as having multiple sexual partners or frequent sexual activity increases the risk of infection.

4. Long-term smoking and other unhealthy lifestyle habits may also increase the risk of developing bacterial vaginosis.

5. Gynecological procedures, if not properly performed, may lead to postoperative infection and subsequent bacterial vaginosis.

Common symptoms of bacterial vaginosis include increased vaginal discharge that appears abnormal in color and consistency—often grayish-white and thin—and a characteristic fishy odor. Treatment primarily aims to restore the bacterial balance within the vagina and commonly involves medications such as metronidazole or clindamycin, which can be administered orally or applied topically. Prevention includes maintaining good personal hygiene, avoiding excessive vaginal douching, practicing safe sexual habits, and eliminating unhealthy lifestyle behaviors. If symptoms appear or infection is suspected, prompt medical attention is essential.