Methods for Expelling Kidney Stones

The method of expelling stones is mainly determined based on the size, location, and composition of the stones. The following are several common methods for expelling stones:

1. If the stones are small, with a diameter less than 5 millimeters, patients are usually advised to drink plenty of water and engage in moderate exercise to promote spontaneous passage of the stones. Additionally, diuretic and antispasmodic medications may be used to help relieve pain and facilitate the expulsion of stones.

2. Dietary adjustments, such as limiting high-salt, high-sugar, and high-protein foods while increasing the intake of fresh vegetables and fruits, can help prevent stone formation and promote their expulsion.

3. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is suitable for stones of moderate size. For stones measuring between 0.5 cm and 2 cm in diameter, ESWL may be considered.

4. Surgical stone removal or fragmentation is suitable for large or complex stones. For stones larger than 2 cm in diameter, or stones located in difficult positions where spontaneous passage or extracorporeal lithotripsy is ineffective, surgical removal or fragmentation is required. Surgical options include percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and ureteroscopic lithotripsy, which allow direct visualization for removal or fragmentation of the stones.