What causes red spots on a newborn's face?

It is common for newborns to develop red spots on their face, which may typically be caused by the following factors:

1. Neonatal acne: Hormones from the mother may be passed to the infant during pregnancy or delivery, causing the infant's sebaceous glands to become overly active and form small red pimples similar to acne. This condition usually does not require special treatment and will resolve on its own.

2. Neonatal eczema: Characterized by dry, red, and rash-covered skin, this condition may require moisturizing and avoidance of irritants for relief. Additionally, hemangiomas or dilated capillaries may also appear as red spots, although these are usually flat or slightly raised red patches rather than discrete spots.

3. Erythema toxicum neonatorum: If red spots appear within 1 to 3 days after birth, they are most likely due to erythema toxicum, a physiological phenomenon that typically requires no special treatment and only clinical observation.

4. Maternal hormone influence: Newborns receive numerous hormones from their mothers in the womb, especially estrogen, which may stimulate the newborn's skin and cause red spots, patches, or hair growth.

5. Allergic reactions: Newborns may develop skin redness and itching due to allergies to breast milk, formula, detergents, or other substances.

6. Heat rash: Also known as miliaria, this skin condition is caused by heat and humidity and commonly appears on the head, neck, chest, and back of newborns.

If the red spots are accompanied by fever, difficulty breathing, or other abnormal symptoms, immediate medical attention should be sought.