How is carotid artery plaque diagnosed?

The diagnosis of carotid artery plaque mainly relies on imaging examinations, among which carotid ultrasound is the most commonly used. Carotid ultrasound is a non-invasive, safe, economical, and highly repeatable examination method that can clearly display the intima-media thickness of the carotid artery, as well as the presence, size, location, and characteristics of plaques. On ultrasound images, carotid artery plaques appear as localized thickening, enhanced or heterogeneous echogenicity, and features such as plaque surface ulceration, hemorrhage, or calcification may also be observed.

In addition to carotid ultrasound, angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, and laboratory tests can also play a role. Angiography, such as CT angiography or digital subtraction angiography, can be used in certain cases to further evaluate the degree of vascular stenosis and plaque morphology. Magnetic resonance angiography using high-resolution MRI can assess plaque composition and provide evidence for treatment decisions. Laboratory tests, including lipid profile and blood glucose measurements, help evaluate the patient's cardiovascular risk.