To achieve fairer skin, it is important to adopt a comprehensive approach involving proper skincare and a healthy lifestyle, rather than relying solely on skin-whitening products. Skin tone is influenced by multiple factors including genetics, endocrine function, diet, lifestyle habits, and skincare routines. To improve skin complexion, one must focus on both internal regulation and external care, providing adequate nutrition and hydration while minimizing irritation and damage. The skin has a strong capacity for self-repair, and with proper skincare and a healthy lifestyle, skin tone can gradually improve.

The following measures are recommended to enhance skin complexion: Maintain good sleeping habits and ensure sufficient rest, avoiding late nights, as staying up late can burden the skin and lead to dullness. Regarding diet, consume more foods rich in vitamin C and E, such as fresh fruits, vegetables, and nuts, which help combat oxidative stress and promote skin metabolism. At the same time, reduce the intake of oily, spicy, and high-sugar foods, as they may exacerbate skin problems. Engage in regular physical activity to improve blood circulation and enhance the skin's blood supply. Additionally, practice sun protection and avoid prolonged sun exposure, as ultraviolet radiation is a major contributor to skin darkening and aging. Choose skincare products suitable for your skin type and avoid those containing irritating ingredients.

Acquired cutis laxa is primarily caused by a reduction or damage to collagen and elastic fibers in the skin. As people age, the body's natural ability to synthesize collagen and elastic fibers gradually declines, which is a major cause of skin laxity. In addition, prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation can damage collagen and elastic fibers in the skin, accelerating skin aging. Unhealthy lifestyle habits, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and irregular作息 (作息 should be translated as "作息" is not properly converted here, please clarify), can also damage the skin and lead to skin laxity. Environmental factors such as air pollution and dryness can negatively affect the skin and further exacerbate skin laxity.

The following measures are recommended to prevent and improve acquired skin laxity. Maintain good lifestyle habits, including adequate sleep, balanced diet, and moderate exercise, all of which help enhance the body's repair capabilities and promote skin health. Avoid prolonged sun exposure; apply high SPF sunscreen, wear a hat, or use an umbrella when outdoors to protect the skin from UV damage. Quit smoking and limit alcohol consumption to reduce skin irritation. Use skincare products containing antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and retinol, which can help protect the skin and promote collagen production. If skin laxity is severe, consider medical aesthetic treatments such as radiofrequency skin tightening, ultrasound therapy, or thread lifting, which can help improve the condition to some extent.

The regulation of dry and dull yellow skin in women requires both internal adjustment and external care. Dry and dull yellow skin is usually the result of multiple factors acting together, including environmental factors, lifestyle habits, nutritional imbalances, and improper skincare methods. To improve skin condition, comprehensive regulation is needed, providing sufficient hydration and nutrition while reducing irritation and damage. The skin has a strong capacity for self-repair; through scientific skincare and a healthy lifestyle, skin problems can be gradually improved.

The following measures are recommended to improve dry and dull yellow skin. Maintain good作息 habits, ensure adequate sleep, and avoid staying up late, as this can burden the skin and lead to a dull complexion. In terms of diet, consume more foods rich in vitamins C and E, such as fresh fruits, vegetables, and nuts, which help combat oxidation and promote skin metabolism. Drink plenty of water to maintain the body's water balance, which helps improve skin hydration. Engage in moderate exercise to promote blood circulation, aiding in the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the skin. Additionally, practice sun protection and avoid prolonged sun exposure, as ultraviolet radiation is one of the key factors contributing to skin dullness. Choose skincare products suitable for your skin type and avoid using products containing irritating ingredients. If skin problems persist or worsen, seek timely consultation with a physician to obtain professional advice and treatment options.

The management of skin rashes should be determined based on the specific cause and symptoms of the rash. Rashes may be caused by various factors, including allergic reactions, contact dermatitis, viral infections, bacterial infections, or other skin conditions. Therefore, when dealing with a rash, it is important to avoid known allergens or irritants as much as possible, maintain clean and dry skin, and monitor changes in the rash. If the rash is accompanied by symptoms such as fever, pain, or rapid spreading, seek medical attention immediately.

The following measures are recommended for managing skin rashes: Discontinue the use of any skincare products or cosmetics that may cause irritation, and choose mild, non-irritating cleansers. Keep the affected skin clean and dry, and avoid scratching to prevent infection. Cold compresses or anti-itch creams containing calamine can be used to relieve itching. If the rash is caused by an allergy, antihistamine medications may be considered, but they should preferably be used under a doctor's guidance. If the rash persists or symptoms worsen, timely medical consultation is necessary for professional diagnosis and treatment. With proper care and prompt medical intervention, symptoms of skin rashes can be effectively alleviated, promoting skin recovery.

The indications for skin grafting mainly include extensive burns, trauma, ulcers, skin defects caused by infections, and certain congenital or acquired skin lesions.

Skin grafting is a surgical procedure that involves transplanting healthy skin tissue to a damaged area to cover the wound, promote healing, and restore function. This procedure is suitable for skin defects caused by various factors, especially those that cannot heal spontaneously or may lead to severe functional impairment and cosmetic deformities after healing.

It is recommended to consult in detail with a qualified surgeon when considering skin grafting surgery. The surgeon will evaluate the patient's specific condition, such as the size, depth, and location of the wound, as well as the patient's overall health status, to determine whether skin grafting is appropriate. Prior to surgery, the patient needs to undergo a comprehensive physical examination to ensure they are fit for the procedure.

After surgery, patients should follow the surgeon's instructions for strict postoperative care, including keeping the grafted area clean, preventing infection, regularly changing dressings, and undergoing necessary rehabilitation exercises. With proper evaluation and care, skin grafting can effectively repair skin defects and improve both the patient's appearance and quality of life.

Developing small bumps on the skin accompanied by itching may be caused by various factors.

Allergic reactions are a common cause, possibly triggered by substances such as food, medications, pollen, or pet dander. Secondly, skin inflammations, such as eczema and contact dermatitis, can also lead to these symptoms. Urticaria (hives) is another common cause; it may be induced by emotional fluctuations, allergens, and other factors, with symptoms including skin itching and edematous swellings.

In addition, skin conditions such as dermatitis, prickly heat (heat rash), scabies, and folliculitis may also cause such symptoms. Some medications' side effects, endocrine disorders, or chronic diseases may manifest as small bumps and itching on the skin.

Infectious skin diseases should not be overlooked either. Viral infections such as molluscum contagiosum, bacterial infections like folliculitis, and fungal infections causing tinea corporis (ringworm) can all present with bumps and itching.

If symptoms persist without improvement, or if there is discharge, fever, or other discomfort, prompt medical attention is advised. A physician can determine the underlying cause through examination and provide targeted treatment.

Tinea corporis is a skin disease caused by fungal infection, and the primary treatment involves antifungal medications.

Topical ointments or creams containing ingredients such as clotrimazole, terbinafine, or ketoconazole can be applied directly to the affected area 2–3 times daily, continuing for approximately one week after symptoms have resolved to ensure complete eradication of the fungus.

If symptoms are severe or topical treatments are ineffective, oral medications such as terbinafine hydrochloride tablets or griseofulvin may be taken under a doctor's supervision. Oral antifungal medications work internally to eliminate the fungus, but dosage and duration of treatment must be carefully followed; self-medication should be avoided.

Keep the affected area dry and clean, avoid wearing tight clothing and synthetic underwear, and choose breathable cotton garments to reduce sweat accumulation, which helps inhibit fungal growth. During treatment, patients should maintain good personal hygiene, bathe frequently, change clothes regularly, and disinfect personal items.

The specific treatment plan should be determined according to the patient's condition and the doctor's recommendations. If symptoms persist or worsen, seek medical attention promptly.

If lumps are accompanied by symptoms such as itching, peeling, or oozing, they may indicate eczema. In such cases, topical application of tacrolimus ointment, compound flumetasone ointment, and oral administration of loratadine tablets or cyclosporine soft capsules may be used for treatment.

If the condition is caused by an allergic reaction, doctors may recommend taking antihistamine medications to relieve itching and swelling. If the cause is a bacterial or fungal infection, appropriate antibiotics or antifungal drugs may be prescribed. For contact dermatitis, known irritants or allergens should be avoided.

If a patient has been exposed to an allergen, red bumps may indicate an allergic reaction. In such cases, antiallergic medications such as cetirizine hydrochloride tablets or loratadine tablets are the first-line treatment. Keeping the skin clean and dry, wearing breathable clothing, and avoiding friction and overheating can help reduce symptoms.

Self-medication may mask the condition, delay proper treatment, or even worsen the symptoms. Therefore, when encountering skin problems, the safest and most effective approach is to seek timely medical attention and receive treatment under a doctor's guidance.

Scabies is a contagious skin disease caused by the scabies mite, primarily transmitted through direct contact. Medications for treating scabies mainly consist of topical agents that kill the mites and their eggs.

A 10% sulfur ointment should be applied over the entire body, including between the fingers, on the abdomen, genital area, and around the anus, without leaving any areas untreated. The ointment should remain on the skin for three days. If sulfur ointment is unavailable, alternative options include lindane ointment, mercuric ammonium chloride ointment, or zinc oxide sulfur ointment.

Ivermectin is an oral medication used for treating refractory or widespread scabies and should be used under a doctor's guidance. Benzyl benzoate is suitable for those allergic to lindane; it should be applied over the entire body, followed by bathing 24 hours later, and then repeated once.

When applying medication, skin folds should also be treated, excluding the head and face. Particular attention should be given to areas such as between the fingers, which require repeated and thorough application. If intense itching occurs, antipruritic medications such as cetirizine tablets or loratadine tablets may be taken temporarily as directed by a physician.

Avoid close contact with others during treatment to prevent transmission. Wash clothing, bed linens, and towels to eliminate any potentially present scabies mites.

When experiencing an allergic reaction to cosmetics, once symptoms such as localized redness, skin itching, rashes, or blisters appear, discontinue use of any cosmetics that may be causing the reaction immediately. Gently wash the affected area, avoiding hot water and harsh cleansers to prevent further skin irritation.

During the allergic reaction period, reduce outdoor activities and avoid re-exposure to allergens. Diet-wise, consume more foods that help combat allergens, such as broccoli and citrus fruits, and avoid cold foods. Choose skincare products containing soothing ingredients (e.g., aloe vera, oat extract, glycyrrhizic acid) to help alleviate skin discomfort.

Before using a new cosmetic product, perform a patch test on a small area of skin, such as the inner wrist or behind the ear, and observe for 24–48 hours for any adverse reactions. Opt for products with simple formulations, free of fragrances and alcohol, to minimize the risk of allergic reactions.

If the allergic reaction is severe, such as extensive swelling or difficulty breathing, seek immediate medical attention. A physician may recommend antihistamine medications or topical corticosteroid creams to manage the symptoms.