What Causes Epididymitis?

Epididymitis refers to inflammatory lesions of the epididymis and is primarily classified into two types: acute and chronic epididymitis—or alternatively, nonspecific and specific epididymitis. The epididymis is a vital male reproductive organ; thus, inflammation affecting it can significantly impair overall health and may even threaten male fertility.

What Causes Epididymitis?

1. Bacterial Invasion

Direct bacterial invasion is a major cause of epididymitis. Clinically common pathogens capable of infecting the epididymis include Escherichia coli, Proteus species, Staphylococcus species, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Additionally, sexually transmitted pathogens—such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus) and Chlamydia trachomatis—are also frequent causative microorganisms.

2. Urethral Infection

Urethral infection introduces large numbers of various bacteria into the urinary tract, potentially spreading infection to the prostate gland. Prolonged indwelling urinary catheters or instrumentation during urethral examinations may likewise cause urethral trauma and subsequent infection, which can ultimately involve the epididymis. Moreover, systemic infections—including tonsillitis and mumps—may also trigger epididymitis, particularly when host immunity is compromised.

3. Scrotal Trauma

It is well known that male internal genital organs are interrelated and mutually influential—especially adjacent structures. Scrotal injury often results in hematoma involving the scrotum, epididymis, and testis. If not promptly managed, such injury may progress to chronic or deformative epididymitis. Therefore, timely diagnosis and treatment are essential upon developing epididymitis.

The above outlines the primary causes of epididymitis. We hope this information is helpful to you.