What should be done if an elderly person develops hyponatremia?

Generally, hyponatremia is diagnosed when the concentration of sodium ions in serum falls below 135 mmol/L. Hyponatremia is commonly caused by factors such as aging, inadequate sodium intake, glomerulonephritis, hypothyroidism, and chronic hepatitis B. It is typically managed through general supportive measures and medication. If any symptoms occur, timely medical consultation is recommended. Specific causes are analyzed as follows:

1. Aging

With advancing age, elderly individuals experience a gradual decline in bodily functions, including kidney function and gastrointestinal absorption. These impairments reduce the ability to absorb and utilize sodium, while physiological processes such as sweating and urination may increase sodium loss, leading to hyponatremia. Sodium intake can be increased through consuming foods with higher salt content or oral saline solutions.

2. Inadequate Sodium Intake

Poor appetite or indigestion can reduce sodium absorption from food, resulting in hyponatremia. Increasing dietary sodium by consuming salt-rich foods such as pickled vegetables or soy sauce may help.

3. Glomerulonephritis

Bacterial infections can lead to glomerulonephritis, damaging the glomerular filtration membrane and causing excessive sodium loss, thereby triggering hyponatremia. This condition may be accompanied by symptoms such as edema and proteinuria. Treatment may include medications such as prednisolone tablets, cyclophosphamide tablets, and spironolactone tablets under medical supervision.

4. Hypothyroidism

Insufficient iodine intake can lead to hypothyroidism, reducing the body's metabolic rate and causing water and sodium retention, which paradoxically may contribute to hyponatremia. Symptoms may include cold intolerance, fatigue, constipation, and weight gain. Elderly individuals can consume iodine-rich foods such as seaweed and should follow medical advice to take medications like levothyroxine sodium tablets, thyroid tablets, or liothyronine sodium tablets.

5. Chronic Hepatitis B

Chronic hepatitis B, caused by infection with the hepatitis B virus, disrupts the body's water and electrolyte balance, leading to reduced sodium uptake or increased excretion, thus causing hyponatremia. Symptoms may include fever, fatigue, and decreased appetite. Patients should follow medical guidance and use antiviral medications such as lamivudine tablets, telbivudine tablets, or entecavir dispersible tablets for treatment.

Maintaining a balanced diet, moderate sodium supplementation, adequate hydration, and monitoring physical changes—especially in elderly individuals and those with underlying medical conditions—are important for preventing hyponatremia.