How is sperm collected for artificial insemination?

Artificial insemination sperm collection methods generally include masturbation, condom collection, electroejaculation, testicular sperm aspiration (TESA), and epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA). A detailed analysis is as follows:

1. **Masturbation method**: The male partner ejaculates semen into a sterile container through masturbation in a sterile semen collection room. Hands and the external genitalia should be thoroughly cleaned beforehand, and lubricants should be avoided. This method is simple to perform, causes minimal psychological stress, and ensures fresh semen samples. It is suitable for most patients with normal sperm quality.

2. **Condom collection method**: A specially designed sterile condom is used during intercourse to collect semen, avoiding the spermicidal agents found in regular condoms that may impair sperm viability. This method is appropriate for men who have difficulty with masturbation but are capable of natural ejaculation. The sample must be delivered for examination promptly and protected from contamination.

3. **Electroejaculation method**: A specialized probe is inserted into the rectum by a physician to stimulate the prostate and seminal vesicles, inducing reflexive ejaculation via spinal cord stimulation. This procedure requires anesthesia and is primarily used for men with spinal cord injuries or those unable to ejaculate voluntarily. Retrograde ejaculation into the bladder may occur, necessitating sperm retrieval from centrifuged post-ejaculation urine.

4. **Testicular sperm aspiration (TESA)**: A fine needle is used to puncture the testicular tissue and extract seminiferous tubules. This method is suitable for men with azoospermia who still have spermatogenic function in the testes. It is a minimally invasive procedure performed under local anesthesia and may cause temporary swelling or bruising, though serious complications are rare.

5. **Epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA)**: Sperm are aspirated from the epididymis using microsurgical techniques, typically indicated for obstructive azoospermia caused by blocked vas deferens. The procedure can be performed under local anesthesia, and retrieved sperm should be used immediately for in vitro fertilization (IVF) to prevent loss of viability.

Prior to sperm collection, abstinence for 3 to 7 days is recommended to ensure optimal semen quality. Strict aseptic techniques must be followed throughout the process. After the procedure, maintain good hygiene of the external genitalia, avoid strenuous physical activity and high-temperature environments (e.g., saunas, hot baths), and consume a balanced diet rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals. If persistent abdominal pain, fever, or abnormal bleeding occurs, seek medical attention promptly for evaluation.