What are the methods of hemostasis?

Commonly used hemostasis methods include direct pressure hemostasis, digital pressure on arteries, pressure bandaging, packing to stop bleeding, and tourniquet application. The appropriate method should be selected based on the location and severity of bleeding; prompt hemostasis can reduce the risk of blood loss. If there is heavy, continuous bleeding or signs of shock, immediate medical attention is recommended.

1. Direct Pressure Hemostasis: Suitable for minor arterial or venous bleeding on the body surface. Cover the wound with sterile gauze or clean cloth and apply continuous pressure using the palm or fingers for 5–10 minutes. Apply sufficient pressure to stop the bleeding, but avoid frequently lifting the dressing to check the wound, which may dislodge clots and cause re-bleeding.

2. Digital Arterial Pressure: Used for significant arterial bleeding in limbs. Press the artery at a pulse point proximal (closer to the heart) to the wound with your finger to block arterial blood flow—for example, press the radial artery for hand bleeding or the femoral artery for leg bleeding. Maintain pressure until bleeding significantly decreases, then combine with other hemostatic methods.

3. Pressure Bandaging: Used for larger surface wounds or oozing injuries. First cover the wound with sterile gauze, then wrap firmly with a bandage or triangular bandage. The tightness should allow one finger to be inserted beneath the bandage while ensuring no further bleeding occurs. Avoid excessive tightness that could impair circulation.

4. Packing Hemostasis: Applicable for deep or large wounds (e.g., abdominal cavity or nasal bleeding). Fill the wound cavity with sterile gauze or cotton wool, then apply pressure bandaging. This physically compresses the bleeding site. Handle gently during packing to avoid damaging deeper tissues.

5. Tourniquet Application: Reserved only for severe limb hemorrhage when other methods fail. Use an elastic band or dedicated tourniquet tied proximal to the wound. Tighten just enough to stop arterial bleeding. Loosen every 30–60 minutes for 1–2 minutes each time to prevent tissue ischemia and necrosis.

Keep essential first-aid supplies such as sterile gauze, bandages, and tourniquets at home. Regularly check their expiration dates, learn basic hemostasis techniques, minimize exposure to sharp objects to reduce injury risks, and remain calm after injury to choose the appropriate hemostatic method scientifically.