How is erectile dysfunction caused?

Erectile dysfunction (ED) usually refers to the inability to achieve or maintain an erection. In general, erectile dysfunction may be caused by factors such as aging, psychological stress, hypertension, diabetes, and benign prostatic hyperplasia. It is recommended to seek medical attention promptly, identify the underlying cause, and receive appropriate treatment under a doctor's guidance. Specific causes are analyzed as follows:

1. Aging: As men age, natural declines in testosterone levels and reduced vascular elasticity can impair erectile function. Regular moderate exercise such as brisk walking or tai chi, maintaining a regular sleep schedule, and consuming foods rich in zinc and testosterone precursors—such as oysters and nuts—may help support sexual health.

2. Psychological stress: Chronic anxiety, depression, or relationship conflicts can interfere with brain signaling related to sexual arousal. Learning emotional regulation techniques, such as talking to someone, practicing meditation, seeking psychological counseling when necessary, and improving communication with one’s partner can be beneficial.

3. Hypertension: Prolonged high blood pressure can damage blood vessels in the penile corpus cavernosum, leading to insufficient blood flow. Blood pressure should be managed according to medical advice using medications such as amlodipine besylate tablets, nifedipine sustained-release tablets, or irbesartan tablets. Additionally, a low-salt diet and regular blood pressure monitoring are recommended.

4. Diabetes: High blood glucose levels can impair nerve and vascular function, disrupting both signal transmission and blood supply required for erection. Strict glycemic control is essential, achieved through medications like metformin hydrochloride tablets, gliclazide sustained-release tablets, or insulin injections, combined with a low-sugar diet and regular physical activity.

5. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): Enlargement of the prostate can compress surrounding tissues, potentially affecting nerves and blood circulation involved in erections. Treatment may include medications such as tamsulosin hydrochloride sustained-release capsules, finasteride tablets, or saw palmetto extract soft capsules, as prescribed. In severe cases, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) may be performed to relieve local compression.

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is crucial, including quitting smoking, limiting alcohol intake, and avoiding prolonged sitting or standing. Performing Kegel exercises regularly can strengthen pelvic floor muscles. Avoiding excessive fatigue and maintaining a positive, optimistic mindset also contribute to preserving reproductive health.