What indicators will be elevated with poor liver function?
Dec 02, 2025
Source: Cainiu Health
Dr. Sun Lianqing
Introduction
Liver dysfunction typically presents with abnormal laboratory findings such as elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). ALT is primarily found within hepatocytes; when liver cells are damaged, this enzyme is released into the bloodstream, leading to increased levels. Mild elevations may be caused by factors such as sleep deprivation or alcohol consumption.
Liver dysfunction typically presents with abnormal laboratory findings such as elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The specific analysis is as follows:
1. Elevated Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT): ALT is primarily found within liver cells. When hepatocytes are damaged, this enzyme is released into the bloodstream, causing elevated levels. Mild increases may result from factors like sleep deprivation or alcohol consumption, while significant elevations often indicate liver diseases such as hepatitis or fatty liver, reflecting hepatic inflammation or necrosis.
2. Elevated Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST): AST is abundant in the mitochondria of liver cells. An increase in AST usually indicates more severe liver cell damage and can be seen in conditions such as cirrhosis or severe hepatitis. It may also rise due to myocardial disorders, so liver-related issues should be assessed in conjunction with other test results.
3. Elevated Bilirubin: Bilirubin exists in two forms—direct and indirect—and the liver plays a key role in its metabolism. Elevated levels can lead to jaundice, characterized by yellowing of the skin and sclera. This may occur due to impaired bilirubin metabolism caused by hepatocyte damage or obstructed bile flow resulting from biliary obstruction, indicating underlying liver or biliary tract disease.
4. Elevated Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT): This enzyme is mainly present in the hepatic and biliary systems. Increased GGT levels are commonly associated with alcoholic liver disease or biliary obstruction. In individuals with chronic alcohol use, persistently elevated GGT suggests ongoing chronic liver injury and warrants close monitoring for disease progression.
5. Elevated Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP): ALP is distributed in various tissues including the liver and bones. In liver disease, particularly when bile excretion is impaired, ALP may reflux into the bloodstream, leading to elevated levels. This is frequently observed in conditions such as cholangitis or cirrhosis with biliary obstruction. Further imaging studies are needed to determine the exact cause.
Upon detecting elevated liver-related markers, it is important to promptly adjust lifestyle habits—avoiding alcohol and staying up late—seek medical evaluation to identify the underlying cause, follow medical advice for treatment or regular follow-up, and prevent further worsening of liver damage.
