What Causes Myocardial Infarction?

Myocardial infarction generally refers to acute myocardial infarction (AMI). AMI is caused by acute, sustained ischemia and hypoxia of the coronary arteries, leading to myocardial necrosis. Clinically, patients commonly experience severe, prolonged retrosternal pain that is not fully relieved by rest or nitrate medications. Below, we address the question: What causes myocardial infarction?

What Causes Myocardial Infarction?

There are numerous causes of myocardial infarction, with age being one contributing factor. This condition predominantly affects older adults and represents the most severe form of coronary artery disease (CAD). Hypertension is a relatively common underlying cause of AMI; elevated blood lipid levels can promote the development of atherosclerosis. Additionally, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia also predispose individuals to myocardial infarction. High lipid levels reduce vascular elasticity and accelerate atherosclerotic progression, potentially culminating in myocardial infarction. Chronic smoking and excessive alcohol consumption further increase the risk.

During an acute myocardial infarction, the predominant symptom is sudden onset of chest pain. Patients with pre-existing angina pectoris may experience more pronounced symptoms. In the acute phase, pain typically originates centrally behind the sternum and may radiate to the posterior sternal region. This pain is often described as intolerable and oppressive—akin to a heavy weight pressing on the chest. Gastrointestinal discomfort, such as nausea or epigastric distress, frequently accompanies these symptoms. Immediate medical attention is essential to prevent life-threatening complications, including cardiac rupture and heart failure.

In daily life, patients with myocardial infarction should emphasize a heart-healthy diet rich in vegetables and fruits. Substituting fish for red meat helps reduce saturated fat intake. Individuals who consume alcohol should limit intake to no more than one standard drink per occasion, as excessive alcohol consumption elevates the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases—including hypertension and stroke. Adequate sleep is equally important; chronic sleep deprivation contributes to hypertension, which itself is a known risk factor for myocardial infarction.

The above outlines the primary causes of myocardial infarction. We hope this information is helpful to you.