What causes brainstem hemorrhage?

Brainstem hemorrhage is caused by factors such as hypertension and small artery hardening. It may also be triggered by conditions including cerebral arteriovenous malformation, blood disorders, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, moyamoya disease, cerebral arteritis, anticoagulant or thrombolytic therapy, and stroke. Long-term hypertension leads to hyaline degeneration and fibrous necrosis of small cerebral arteries, reducing the elasticity of vessel walls. When blood pressure suddenly increases, these weakened vessels are prone to rupture and bleed.