Upper ureteral calculi

The main symptoms of upper ureteral stones include urinary retention, accompanied by frequent urination, urgency, and dysuria. The size of the stones varies, and they may lead to complications such as pyelonephritis and renal failure. For upper ureteral stones, primary treatment methods include surgical removal, laparoscopic surgery, radiofrequency wave therapy, and medical (drug) therapy. Surgical removal is the most commonly used approach and effectively clears the stones. Laparoscopic surgery reduces trauma but carries a risk of stone recurrence. Radiofrequency wave therapy can effectively dissolve stones, though it is only suitable for small stones. Medical therapy helps improve urine flow but cannot eliminate the stones.