What causes hematuria in ureteral stones?

Hematuria in ureteral calculi is mainly caused by the following reasons: 1. Ureteral mucosal injury: When a stone moves within the ureropelvic junction, its sharp angles or edges may scratch the ureteral mucosa, causing mucosal damage and bleeding. The blood is then excreted with urine, forming hematuria. 2. Secondary infection: Ureteral stones may lead to urinary tract infections, triggering inflammatory reactions in the urethral and urinary tract mucosa, resulting in vasodilation and exudation, which can cause hematuria. 3. Ureteral obstruction: Stones blocking the ureter can impede the normal flow of urine, increasing pressure on the urinary tract mucosa, which may lead to mucosal damage and bleeding. 4. Stone friction and injury: The movement and friction of stones may directly damage small arteries and veins beneath the mucosa, causing capillary rupture and bleeding. In addition, treatments such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy may also cause hematuria due to mucosal injury. If hematuria persists or worsens, timely medical consultation for examination and treatment is recommended.