What are the surgical treatment options for ureteral stones?

The surgical treatments for ureteral stones mainly include: 1. **Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)**: Suitable for patients with stones smaller than 2 cm. This procedure uses shock waves generated by specialized equipment to fragment the stones, allowing them to pass naturally. 2. **Ureteroscopic Lithotripsy**: Recommended for patients who do not respond well to ESWL. A ureteroscope is inserted into the ureter based on the principle of endoscopy to locate and remove the stones. 3. **Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL)**: Appropriate for patients with large or hard stones. A passage is created through the back to access the kidney, and under endoscopic guidance, stones are fragmented and removed using ultrasound, laser, or other techniques. 4. **Laparoscopic Surgery**: Small incisions are made locally, and a laparoscope is used to locate and remove the stones. The choice of surgical method should be based on the patient's specific condition and the characteristics of the stones to ensure treatment efficacy and patient safety.