What are the common diseases in cardiovascular surgery?

The common diseases treated by cardiac surgery are diverse and mainly fall into the following categories: 1. Congenital heart disease: such as atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, tetralogy of Fallot, etc. These diseases exist at birth and affect the normal structure and function of the heart. 2. Heart valve disease: including mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis or aortic regurgitation, etc. These diseases are usually caused by rheumatic fever, degenerative changes, infections, and other factors, leading to abnormal heart valve function. 3. Coronary artery disease: when atherosclerosis occurs in the coronary arteries, causing luminal narrowing or occlusion, resulting in myocardial ischemia, hypoxia, or necrosis, it is referred to as coronary artery disease. For patients not suitable for coronary stent placement, cardiac surgery can perform bypass surgery. 4. Large vessel disease: such as thoracic aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection, etc. These diseases involve large vessels surrounding the heart and are usually quite severe, requiring timely surgical treatment. 5. Others: cardiac surgery may also address other cardiac-related diseases such as cardiac injuries (e.g., cardiac contusion, penetrating cardiac injuries), arrhythmias, myocarditis, etc.