How are chocolate cysts caused?

Chocolate cysts are formed when endometrial cells (cells that normally line the uterine cavity) become displaced onto the ovaries and then grow and bleed in response to the menstrual cycle, forming cysts. These cysts contain old blood, which resembles chocolate in color, hence their name. The following are some possible factors that may contribute to this condition:

1. Retrograde menstruation: Normally, menstrual blood should flow from the uterus out of the body through the vagina. However, in some women, part of the menstrual blood may flow backward through the fallopian tubes and even into the pelvic cavity, carrying endometrial cells to the ovaries.

2. Genetic factors: Women with a family history are more likely to develop chocolate cysts, which may be related to genetic factors.

3. Immune system dysfunction: Abnormal immune system function may fail to effectively remove displaced endometrial cells, allowing them to grow on the ovaries.

4. Surgical procedures: Surgeries such as cesarean section or hysteroscopy may transfer endometrial cells into the pelvic cavity, increasing the risk of developing chocolate cysts.

If symptoms such as dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation), irregular menstrual cycles, or infertility occur, prompt medical attention is recommended.