What causes low testosterone and how is it treated?

Causes of low testosterone may include testicular dysplasia, hypothalamic or pituitary disorders, chronic diseases, medication effects, and unhealthy lifestyle habits. The main treatment options for low testosterone are as follows: 1. Identify the underlying cause: Determine the specific reason for low testosterone, such as testicular disorders or abnormalities in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, and treat accordingly. 2. Testosterone supplementation: Testosterone preparations can be used for replacement therapy, such as oral testosterone undecanoate preparations or injectable testosterone formulations, to bring testosterone levels into the normal physiological range. 3. Lifestyle modifications: Improving unhealthy habits, such as maintaining regular sleep patterns, engaging in moderate exercise, quitting smoking, and limiting alcohol consumption, can help increase testosterone levels. Please note that treatment for low testosterone should be conducted under the guidance of a physician to avoid self-medication or inappropriate treatment methods.