How is a bladder examination performed?

Bladder examinations typically include the following methods:

1. Urinalysis: This is a routine initial screening test for bladder problems. It involves analyzing a collected urine sample for cells, proteins, glucose, bacteria, and other components to detect infections, inflammation, or other abnormalities.

2. Ultrasound examination: High-frequency sound waves are used to create images of the bladder, allowing evaluation of its size, shape, and internal structure to identify stones, tumors, or other abnormalities.

3. Cystoscopy: A physician inserts a long, flexible tube equipped with a camera through the urethra into the bladder to directly visualize the bladder lining. This method can detect tumors, polyps, abnormal bleeding, or urethral narrowing.

4. CT urography: After injection of a contrast agent, a CT scan is performed to obtain detailed images of the entire urinary tract, including the bladder, to identify tumors, stones, or congenital abnormalities.

Prior to the examination, the physician may ask the patient to empty the bladder and sometimes avoid foods or medications containing substances that may cause allergic reactions to the contrast agent.